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British Columbia
British Columbia is Canada's most westerly province, and is a mountainous area whose population is mainly clustered in its southwestern corner. BC is Canada’s third-largest province after Québec and Ontario, making up 10 per cent of Canada’s land surface.British Columbia is a land of diversity and contrast within small areas. Coastal landscapes, characterized by high, snow-covered mountains rising above narrow fjords and inlets, contrast with the broad forested upland of the central interior and theplains of the northeast. The intense "Britishness" of earlier times is referred to in the province's name, which originated with Queen Victoria and was officially proclaimed in 1858.
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Intergenerational Trauma and Residential Schools
Historical trauma occurs when trauma caused by historical oppression is passed down through generations. For more than 100 years, the Canadian government supported residential school programs that isolated Indigenouschildren from their families and communities (see Residential Schools in Canada). Under the guise of educating and preparing Indigenous children for theirparticipation in Canadian society, the federal government and other administrators of the residential school system committed what has since been described as an act of cultural genocide. As generations of students left these institutions, they returnedto their home communities without the knowledge, skills or tools to cope in either world. The impacts of their institutionalization in residential school continue to be felt by subsequent generations. This is called intergenerational trauma.This is the full-length entry about Intergenerational Trauma and Residential Schools. For a plain-language summary, please see Intergenerational Trauma and Residential Schools (Plain-Language Summary).
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Maisie Hurley
Maisie Hurley, née Maisie Amy Campbell-Johnston, Vancouver-area political activist,Indigenous ally (see Indigenous Peoples in Canada), newspaper founder and artcollector (born 27 November 1887 in Swansea, Wales; died 3 October 1964 in North Vancouver, British Columbia).Although Hurley had no formal legal training or law degree (seeLegal Education), she worked on several legal cases and advocated for Indigenous peoples’ basichuman rights as well as for changes to the Indian Act. In 1946, Hurley started a newspapercalled The Native Voice that aimed to bring attention to important issues concerning Indigenous communities across Canada (seeRights of Indigenous Peoples in Canada).In 2011, Hurley’s collection of Indigenous art was displayed at the North Vancouver Museum.
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Native People's Caravan
The Native People’s Caravan was a cross-country mobile protest that took place in 1974. Its main purpose was to raise awareness about the poor living conditions anddiscrimination experienced by Indigenous peoples in Canada. It travelled from Vancouver toOttawa, where the subsequent occupation of a vacant warehouse on Victoria Island, near Parliament Hill, extended into 1975. The caravan brought various Indigenous groups togetherin protest of broken treaties, as well as a lack of government-supported education, housing and health care. As a result, meetings between Cabinetministers and Indigenous leaders became more frequent. The protest is remembered as an important turning point in Indigenous activism in Canada.
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Reserves in British Columbia
As of 2019, there were 1,583 reserves in British Columbia associated with 203 Indigenous Nations (see also First Nations in British Columbia).Unlike many other parts the country, where reserves resulted from treaties made between the federal government and Indigenous Nations, most reserves in BC were created without such negotiations. Only two general locations in BC are covered by historictreaties: parts of Vancouver Island are covered by the Douglas Treaties, and the northeast corner of the provinceby Treaty 8. In BC as with other parts of the country, reserves are bound by the terms of the Indian Act. However, given the number of Indigenous Nations without a treaty in BC, the province has implemented a modern treaty negotiation process. Several BC Indigenous communities have usedthis process or other means to negotiate self-governing agreements. These agreements place decision-makingauthority over land management in the hands of Indigenous governments.
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Resistance and Residential Schools
Residentialschools were government-sponsored religious schools that many Indigenouschildren were forced to attend. They were established to assimilate Indigenouschildren into Euro-Canadian culture. Indigenous parents and children did not simplyaccept the residential-school system. Indigenouspeoples fought against – and engaged with – the state, schools and otherkey players in the system. For the duration of the residential-school era,parents acted in the best interests of their children and communities. Thechildren responded in ways that would allow them to survive.
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